Global politics (also referred to as world politics) refers both to a discipline that studies the political and economic patterns of the world, and to the field being studied. At its center lie different processes of political globalization in relation to questions of social power.
The rise of global politics poses important questions. Will societies and peoples ever find a way to work together peacefully?
Nation-states
Nation-states have long been an influential element of global politics. Born from nationalism, these entities represent a group of people with a shared sense of identity.
Many nation-states have created systems to foster national integration and develop emotional ties to their homelands. This involves providing public education, encouraging productivity increases or economic development, as well as acknowledging civil, political, and social rights.
Nations-states must manage ethnic, religious or national diversity within their borders by applying different principles of assimilation, exclusion and accommodation. For example, Sorbs in Germany are generally seen as part of the German nation and receive constitutionally guaranteed cultural rights.
Although nation-states remain an influential force in global politics, their power has diminished due to factors such as economic globalisation. This has created an interconnected world where nation-states often feel compelled to participate in global governance initiatives which may erode their autonomy.
International organisations
International organisations (IOs) play a significant role in global politics. They tackle issues like conflict resolution, human rights, global health, financial governance, international trade and regionalisation as well as development.
International Organizations (IOs) collaborate with both nation-states and non-state actors alike. They provide a framework for governments and non-state actors to come together, setting norms and rules for global governance.
Tamar Gutner’s book examines the roles and effects of major international organisations (IOs), noting their development over time. She explores how IOs can shape global politics in different ways, while also outlining their constraints and difficulties in each area.
Agents of globalisation
Globalisation is defined as the process by which individuals, businesses and organisations connect and interact with one another on a global scale. These interactions are driven by economic, political, technological and cultural forces.
Advocates of globalisation argue that it spurs economic development by eliminating trade barriers and facilitating the flow of resources, goods and people around the globe. Furthermore, they contend, it encourages greater attention to human rights issues as well as an awareness of global environmental problems.
Critics of globalisation contend that the free flow of people and resources disrupts national policies and cultures. Furthermore, they point out how globalisation increases inequality between rich and poor countries, undermining the welfare of those at the bottom of the global economy.
Globalisation has had many beneficial effects on society and the global community, from spreading democracy to fostering social movements. On the downside, however, it also contributed to a return of nationalism – as evidenced by Britain’s decision to leave the European Union.
Non-state actors
The growing influence of non-state actors in global politics presents a challenge to the traditional state centric understanding of world affairs.
In addition to traditional nation-states, international organisations, private actors and transnational diaspora communities are all important non-state actors. Not only are they present around the world but have their own self-motivated interests which can shape policy making processes.
Non-state actors come in many forms, from IGOs and NGOs to Trans National Actors (TNAs), Violent Political Groups, Criminal Organizations (TOCs), Influential Individual Figures and Media Partnerships.
The rise of violent non-state actors adds an additional layer of complexity to traditional conflict management and resolution processes. These actors often operate without state oversight and engage in both domestic and cross-border disputes.
